![]() This complexity introduced by the porous network and the difficulty in visualizing the liquid behavior inside the porous media demonstrates how the study of droplet evaporation on porous materials is a challenging yet very important topic 17, 18. However, unlike these previously mentioned dynamics, a droplet on porous substrates encounters not only spreading at the surface but also imbibition into the media, which would significantly affect droplet evaporation dynamics 14, 15, 16. The evaporation of a droplet on a flat solid substrate is a complex fundamental physical phenomenon that has been well studied theoretically, experimentally, and numerically 11, 12, 13. Droplet evaporation and imbibition in porous materials are ubiquitous phenomena in nature that are also relevant in diverse industrial processes, such as textile engineering and device fabrication through ink-jet printing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
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